How the New Deal Changed the Course of Government and...

The New Deal period has been considered to be a turning point in American politics, with the President acquiring new authority and importance, and the role of government in the lives of citizens increasing. The extent to which this was planned by the architect of the New Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelt, has been greatly contested, however. Yet, while it is instructive to note the limitations of Roosevelts leadership, there is not much sense in the claims that the New Deal was haphazard, a jumble of expedient and populist schemes, or as W. Williams has put it, undirected. FDR had a clear overarching vision of what he wanted to do to America, and was prepared to drive through the structural changes required to achieve this vision. It is†¦show more content†¦What was needed, it was thought, was for a major force to co-ordinate the efforts of the states and drive the nation back in the right direction. The Tennessee Valley Authority was one such example of co-ordination. Categorical grants to the states ensured that funds were used as the federal government wished. From now on, people would no longer look to the state capitol for solutions to their problems, but to Capitol Hill; or more precisely, to the White House. Indeed, the very notion that people could look to any government, federal or state, to solve their problems was novel. The 1930s provided a framework for the scope of governmental action that remains intact today. The Federal government began to wield its muscle in the economy; in the banking and finance industries; in farming prices; in the relations between management and workers; in the support of the vulnerable and needy. The Social Security Act and the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 were representative of a momentous shift in the attitude of government: the state as protector of the weak. A. Badger has calculated that 35% of the population received direct assistance from the New Deal. As would be expected, this redefinition aroused great opposition. The New Deal period saw the rebirth of issues politics, with the ideological divide between the Democratic and Republican parties wider than in a long time. Roosevelt had mentioned in 1932 that he would transform the DemocraticShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A President A Good President?1173 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Skowronek attemeped to answer the question that many historians, and people alike, always have trouble answering: what makes a president a good president? Skowronek looks at all the presidents over the course of American history and puts them into one of four classifications. Skowronek looks, in detail, that the presidency of both Clinton and W.Bush. President Barack Obama does not have a classification in this book, so we will attempt to assign him a category based on his work. The AmericanRead MoreThe New Right Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesslowly came together to form a new and more radical dissenting conservative movement, the New Right. The New Right was just as radical as its liberal opposite, with agendas to increase government involvement beyond the established conservative view of government’s role. Although New Right politicians made admirable advances to dissemble New Deal economic policies, the movement as a whole counters conservativism and the ideologies that America was founded on. Although the New Right adopts conservativeRead MoreThe Civil War : The And Soul Of The United States Of America1749 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual states’ opinions. Then, the Civil War happened. This war was one of the most pivotal points in American history. The government tried to make a decision on its own without the consent of the country as a whole. This led to the destruction of the rights of the people. 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What is Corporate Social Responsibility - 2032 Words

What is CSR? CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility indicates the actions or conducts that are strategically important to businesses. CSR can also be defined as a firm’s efforts or obligations in reducing and getting rid of any detrimental effects on the community and maximizing beneficial effects to the company and community in which it operates in the long run (Mohr et al, 2001, cited Trendafilova et al, 2013). CSR usually starts with the common emphasis that firms are not only responsible to generate investment returns for their investors, but are also responsible to their natural surroundings and to other stakeholders. â€Å"This is usually known as the â€Å"triple bottom line† – the company’s returns for investors, the environment and stakeholders† (Markley, 2014). In today’s modern business environment, CSR is undoubtedly important because whenever possible, customers would prefer purchasing goods from firms that are reliable; supplier s also prefer supplying to companies that are credible; employees would rather work for corporations they have a high regard for and NGO’s want to work with companies seeking possible solutions in areas of common concern. â€Å"Pleasing each of these stakeholder groups enables companies to maximize their obligations to their shareholders who gain most when the needs of other stakeholder groups are met† (Waldman et al, 2010). Nowadays, almost every modern company is doing CSR. Why? What are the advantages that these companies actually perceive whenShow MoreRelatedWhat is Corporate Social Responsibility?5030 Words   |  21 PagesWHAT IS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? Corporate Social Responsibility has been evidently growing with Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. 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The Advantages of Being Bilingual Free Essays

1. The advantages of being bilingual There are many advantages of being bilingual. It can get you many places in life and could help you in a time of need. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages of Being Bilingual or any similar topic only for you Order Now Knowing English as a second language is a good thing in many western countries. There are many English-speaking people in western countries and knowing English will help you to communicate with people. Also, I travel to America a lot for vacations, so knowing English helps. The third is that if I want to have a conversation with foreigner it could help me. As so many advantages of being bilingual, if you want to improve your skills in connecting with foreigners, you should start learning another language. 2. Ways to meet people in a new place It can be difficult to meet people in a new city if you don’t know where to look for and how to find them. One of the easiest way to meet people is by starting visiting your local restaurants and bars. Many people come to bars to get a break from their daily tiring schedule and they are more interested in meeting or chatting with new people. Second ways is by getting to know your friend’s friends. Go to all the house parties and birthday parties that you get invited to. There you will be introduced to meet new people through you friends. Last, network might be a good way for making new friends and meeting new people. And those people could lead you to more new friends. Whatever you do, don’t be afraid to introduce yourself. Learning to easily meet new people can open doors in life, not only doors to new relationships, but also new friendships, and new career opportunities. 3. Advantages of growing up in a small town There are several advantages of growing up in a small town. First of all, living and air quality may make people healthier. If we grow up in a small town which has fresh air and no pollution, we can get healthy body. The second advantage is that the people in small town are easy to get along with. You don’t need to think about how to deal with them, just lived with them naturally. And they are willing to help each other. The third advantage of growing up in a small town is people there usually have good attitude. Because there is nothing to worry about and life is much simple. To sum up, growing up in a small town make people feel more comfortable and relaxing. 4. Disadvantages of growing up in a small town There are several disadvantages of growing up in a small town. First of all, you don’t have as many job opportunities. It’s not convenient to get news and message, so less and less company would like to set their factories in a small town. The second disadvantage is that everyone knows your business. Once you tell a person, the things will get around town fast. The third disadvantage of growing up in a small town is you have nothing to do because there is nothing to do. How to cite The Advantages of Being Bilingual, Essay examples

Alexander Pope poem Essay Example For Students

Alexander Pope poem Essay In Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope, this poem was written in an attempt to make peace between real life lovers. The incident with the lock of fair actually occurred. The name of the poem describes the main literary technique exactly, hyperbole of the cutting off a lock of hair is described a rape, which is taking advantage of someone sexually without their consent. By levelling these two actions, Alexander Pope is satirising his society for inflating little offences when they do not need to be so amplified. Exaggeration is the main satirical literary technique in this poem and can be seen in nearly every line. Exaggeration can be seen in the first, Th inferior Priestess, at her Altars side, hyperbole is observed when describing Belindas maid in high hierarchy in religious terms. This is referring to Belinda as a false God or someone of special high worship, which is embellished from her being admired for her beauty. This praise is certainly in some sense ironical, reflecting negatively on a system of public values in which external characteristics rank higher than moral or intellectual ones. Although, Alexander Pope also shows a real reverence for his heroines physical and social charms, claiming that these are compelling enough to cause one to forget her female errors. Certainly he has some interest in flattering Arabella Fermor, the real-life woman on whom Belinda is based; in order for his poem to achieve the desired reconciliation, it must not offend. Pope also exhibits his appreciation for the ways in which physical beauty is an art form: he recognizes, with a mixture of censure and awe, the fact that Belindas legendary locks of hair, which appear so natural and spontaneous, are actually a carefully contrived effect. In this, the mysteries of the ladys dressing table are similar, perhaps, to Alexander Popes own literary ability, which he describes elsewhere as nature to advantage dressd. An alternative literary device is the reference to the epic: Iliad, Aeneid, where each epic part has a reference to the mock epic segment. The characteristics of an epic are the invocation of a deity, a regular statement of theme, the division of the work into books and cantos, ostentatious speeches, battles and supernatural machinery; to reveal the absurdity of a certain subject. The main consequence of utilising the style of an epic is, however, not so much to have fun with the epic, but to deflate a subject or characters that by contrast appear exceptionally insignificant. Between Iliad and The Rape of the Lock there are numerous similarities including the arming of the hero with the toilet (dressing) scene; the battle with the card game; the stratagem with the pinch of snuff; the meddling Gods and Goddesses with the Sylphs and Gnomes; the journey to the underworld with the cave of Spleen and the dream with the dream. The battle references are crucial to the Rape of the Lock, as they establish the idea of exaggeration clearly. The card game is extremely important as it makes reference to battle, the Royals and lads onto the raping of the lock. Now awful Beauty puts on all its Arms; this quotation is an example of prolepsis for the card game used earlier in the poem. As Belinda has help getting dressed, the image of someone being surrounded on a battle field can be visualised, this is contradicted by its context use and the idea of insignificance is infiltrated once again. This is reinforced thoroughly during the card game, Draw forth to Combat on the Velvet Plain. This quotation is referring to the green felt that covers the card table, which is a hidden classic citation to the green baize of a battle field. Irony within The Rape of the Lock, is applied as only the more intelligent public understood what was being written, therefore Alexander Pope would not be offending as many people. .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 , .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .postImageUrl , .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 , .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64:hover , .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64:visited , .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64:active { border:0!important; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64:active , .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64 .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc36dc58fd483ba9714ee9dc4b243e64:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Hollow Men EssayPersonification was seen in the Rape of the Lock, Now move to War her Sable Matadores, this is referring to the different countries that are hers. This is another technique for masking the ridicule that Alexander Pope has written about his society. From the three poems; Speke Parott, The Ladys Dressing Room and The Rape of the Lock it is clear that satirical poetry was difficult to write and interpret as poets had to mask their truths, therefore only the more intellectual individuals understood the happenings of these poems. The difference between these three poems is apparent. John Skelton satirises only one specific person; Thomas Cardinal Wolsey and he researches Wolseys background and mocks him in a variety of techniques. Jonathan Swift satirises mostly women with a smaller reference to men, he is crude with his satire and was known for such in his other poems. Alexander Pope derided his society as a whole; he ridiculed men and women, attempting to use rhetoric to disguise what he really meant.

The Dura Europos Synagogue

Table of Contents Introduction The Dura Europos Symbolic Narrative Sequential Narrative Comparative Narrative Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Jewish artists have real pieces of art works as history reveals. Jewish artists have created pieces of arts for at least the last 2,000 years. These are evident from paintings of â€Å"18th century, 500 years of making ritual objects and illustrated prayer books, haggadahs, megillas, ketubos and the extensive production of illuminated manuscripts between 1300 and 1500† (Sed-Rajna 237).  In addition, there are several pieces of arts in Israel mainly in synagogues. These reveal arts of fourth to sixth centuries (the Common Era). The origin of such works was Dura Europos.  Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Dura Europos Synagogue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Dura Europos The Dura Europos paintings represent a great deal of the Jewish art. According to Sed-Rajna, a Jewish art scholar, Jewish art portrays an iconographical language with elements of narrative language. He notes that there are three types of narrative arts as follow: Symbolic Narrative This category has murals of Joshua, Messiah, Moses ascending Mount Sinai and at the Bush, Torah niche, and Abraham and the Covenant (Sed-Rajna 229). Sequential Narrative This area has murals of the Exodus, Elijah, Ezekiel, Triumph of Mordechai, and the Valley of the Dry Bones (Sed-Rajna 230). Comparative Narratives There are paintings of the Well in the Wilderness, the Ark in the Temple of Dagon, and Tabernacle (Sed-Rajna 230). There are many categories and identifications of Dura Europos and frescos paintings. However, most of these classifications are under scholarly debates. It is only these three areas, which scholars have reached a consensus. Based on such differences, various art scholars have expressed different views on Jewish arts. For instance, some schola rs have focused on didactical and historical elements of the art. Others have considered frescos as commentary part of the official Roman art. In addition, thematic concerns usually involve Messianic elements according to Erwin. There are other different opinions on Jewish art (McBee 1). Such views only express how Jewish art can draw various meanings due to its richness.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Symbolic Narrative Torah niche is a striking part of the synagogue with various paintings, which bear different interpretations. It has murals of Jacob blessing his sons. However, much repainting has damaged the piece. This painting may depict Moses, Abraham, and Joshua at different occasions. The Torah niche has a definite figurative representation. It represents â€Å"a closed temple, temple menorah, and a lulav and esrog on the left† (McBee 1). This was the idea l form of representation for over 300 years in synagogues. On the right, there is the Binding of Isaac. We can also observe a tied ram and Abraham with a knife. â€Å"Isaac is on the altar while a hand from heaven† (McBee 1) prevents the pending sacrifice to God. Others argue that there is an insertion of Sarah standing outside the tent on the upper right of the painting. It shows Sarah’s reaction and comprehension of the ongoing events. According to Sed-Rajna, â€Å"the scene is the first attempt in Jewish art to transpose a literary account into visual form† (Sed-Rajna 239).  As a result, it signifies the change in representation from symbolic art to narrative. This mural is important because it is among many Jewish paintings attributed to sacrifice. Figure 1: the Akeida (Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria) We cannot underestimate the relevance of these murals in Jewish art. This painting was among the earliest works of art in Jewish paintings. It became a model for many synagogues for over a period of 300 years. Akeida was the pictorial narrative that focused on representing the Jewish religion in the form of painting. The painting achieved this by utilizing the local culture to reinforce the Jewish religion and the role of God and mercy in their lives. It is also interesting to note that some of the images do not represent Sarah as others do. This painting marked the start of Jewish art. This mural is complex and many scholars agree that it has a rich history, but a thorough study of Dura Europos reveals unknown mysteries. Figure 2: Akeida: Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria Sequential Narrative Most of Dura Europos paintings relied on Torah narrative in order to capture complex issues and affairs of communities. Dura Europos paintings bear the greatest representation in the Jewish art history.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Dura Euro pos Synagogue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also has various aspects of Torah subjects, which are the most outstanding form of paintings in Jewish art. However, some paintings with illuminated Haggadahs from Spain took this legacy after thousands of years. We also note that the idea of â€Å"decorated synagogue only reappeared later in the 17th century due to shuls paintings of Russia, Poland, and Lithuania† (McBee 1). Figure 3: Exodus from Egypt: Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria Dura Europos murals in synagogues also have extensive figuration. There are images, which show followers on the walls. However, according to McBee, close examinations of these images reveal that they represent â€Å"Torah figures, Abraham, Moses, Samuel, and Elijah† (McBee 1) in Roman attires. These show that such figures were statesmen and heroes of the time. However, they lead to confusion on the differe nce between Gentile and Jew. Figure 4: Rescuing Moses: Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria These murals have also presented problems in relation to factual consistencies. For instance, murals of Exodus do not concur with the narrative sequence. The Temple of Aaron during sanctification highlights â€Å"a bull about to be killed with an ax† (McBee 1). This does represent the normal Jewish tradition of slaughtering bulls. Still, on the Solomon’s Temple, the doors have decorations with pagan elements. Lastly, the painting on Rescuing Moses shows that Pharaoh’s daughter had no cloths. These variations in interpretations of Jewish art in synagogues represent various ideas, which scholars have attached to these paintings. Such differences in representation of paintings may have taken place due to borrowing of non-Jewish styles for Jewish paintings. For instance, we have the application of Zodiac that highlights God’s power over th e world by his worldly agents. This representation also has a chariot and sun. Artists combined both elements to reflect paintings of the time in the synagogue. The most represented form of painting in the Dura synagogue painting is Moses at the time of the Exodus. It occupies the upper right wall with depiction that across run from left to right. Moses is conspicuous with his soldier has he leads them out of Egypt. A closer look reveals that there is an open entrance of Egypt, which has deities. These deities show paganism in Egypt, which Israelites must leave. We also have a flat aerial view that depicts the sea. It is full of drowned Egyptian soldiers. Again, Moses leads Israelites with his rod in his stretched hand over the sea. Moses also leads Israelites across the sea as they match along 12 lanes. We also notice the ‘Hand of God’ on these paintings has it directs Moses through the Exodus event.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The artist must have been familiar with the events of the time and Jewish tradition. The Exodus painting shows Moses as he leads Israelites out of Egypt with God’s guidance. It depicts the Jewish triumph over Pharaoh’s paganism and the oppression. Figure 5: Exodus from Egypt: Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria The paintings of Dura Europos synagogue also have significance in the third century. Most scholars look at the importance of such murals in relation to their place in history. They serve the purpose of encouraging modern Jewish artist and showing them possibilities from the past. Dura Europos is the only Jewish narrative art that has â€Å"Torah, midrash and individual creativity, which span a gap of 1700 years and, with imagination, finding parallels and inspiration between their worlds† (McBee 1). A thorough review of Dura Europos paintings and frescos shows fundamental elements of early Jewish art. Torah niche employed bo th the use of symbols and narrative techniques in order to create meanings evident in the Temples. Exodus paintings reveal the triumph of Israelites against Pharaoh’s paganism and slavery. Rescuing of Moses shows Pharaoh’s daughter rescue the infant. These pieces of art works use both midrashic and Biblical elements in order capture history of the time. They also use non-Jewish elements to enhance visual features of paintings. Some of the most important paintings in Duran Europos painting are those of Elijah and Ezekiel. These paintings also attack paganism at the time. Scholars draw this conclusion by performing comparative narratives. Figure 6: Elijah on Carmel: Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria Scholars have used continuous narrative in order to explain paintings depicting Elijah. Such paintings depict divine intervention for the community and for himself. There is also the unsuccessful struggle that involves Elijah and Prophet of Ba al on Mount Carmel. We can see eight priests in their Roman attires next to the altar with the god’s sacrifice. Below the altar, there is also a small animal ambush by a snake. It represents the evil, Hiel of Ahab. He wanted to light the fire. However, the serpent from God consumed him before he could light the fire. We can also see Elijah’s sacrifice on fire. He is evoking the heavenly fire and calling for drenching of the sacrifice because of the interference by evil forces. These paintings depict a war against paganism in which God comes to the rescue of true believers. In the paintings of Ezekiel, the presence of God is eminent through the visible hands on the top of the paintings. This reflects the important prophetic role of Ezekiel among the Jews. He stands for the redemption of the entire community. The first image reveals how â€Å"Ezekiel ended up in the valley of the dry bones† (McBee 1). In the valley, we have features that represent feet, hands, and heads. Ezekiel must provide his prophecy about the importance of these features. The meaning represents coming back to life because this is the interpretation from God. Further, we also see the three angels and another one on the ground as they perform miracles. Figure 7: Ezekiel Valley of Dry Bones: Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria We also notice Ezekiel adorned in Roman attire in another part of the painting. This represents the return of ten tribes that disappeared. These are the ten men with Ezekiel. It also shows resurrection of Israelites during the period of Ezekiel. The presence of the ‘Hand of God’ is also conspicuous in this painting. Scholars claim that these paintings highlight the role of God in resurrection of Israelites as a nation and individuals after their deaths. According to Elsner, â€Å"one fundamental theme to the Dura murals is something called Cultural Resistance (Elsner 269).  Elsner argue that Jewish paint ings rebuked cult religion that was in Dura. Therefore, these paintings aimed to eliminate paganism and restore the Jewish monotheism among people who were losing their cultural identity. Figure 8: Aaron’s Temple: Dura Europos (245 CE) Courtesy of National Museum, Damascus, Syria Such paintings in the synagogue dispel the claims that Jewish did not allow visual images in the synagogue. Scholars consider this prohibition has the most misunderstood part commandment in relation to arts. They point out that it refers to the creation of idols and not artistic representations in arts. However, the interpretation this command often varied with time. This because others followed it strictly while others gave a loose interpretation. In this context, we can argue that earliest works of Jewish celebrated art works and used visual arts as ways of honoring God. This was the purpose of paintings in the Dura Europos synagogue. Therefore, we can see how religion influenced lives of Jewish th rough arts. Comparative Narrative From the comparative, we look at the Aaron’s Temple and the Miraculous Well. The paintings depict variations in Jewish arts. We have the Ark and the Dagon Temple in which we interpret a message of victory. Other paintings depict rigid systems with no human beings present. Such paintings represent broad ideas and schematic representation. Scholars consider such images as non-Jewish because of the pagan elements on the closed door. Therefore, it is a wasteland in which no religion or life can thrive. The comparative narrative aimed to depict that paganism did not stand a chance in the Jewish land because of the destruction of the idols. Conclusion The Dura Europos has demonstrated the three interpretations of the paintings in the synagogue. These are various narratives like symbolic, continuous, and comparative. These paintings are complex, and we can only understand them through classification. This is because the paintings involve a number of elements from both the Bible and the midrash. In addition, we also have to deal with the artist’s point of view. The artists have depicted ‘Hands of God’ to mark his presence in most of the events of the Jewish. Such Jewish arts show possibilities that paintings can capture with imaginative approaches. We have to understand various figures, attires, and motifs of the paintings, which give us rich imageries and depictions of Jewish art. The Dura Europos represents the earliest work of arts by Jewish. Scholars and artists have to start from this foundation in order to understand contemporary works of Jewish arts. Therefore, Dura Europos paintings shaped the way for future arts of Jewish. Works Cited Elsner, Jas. â€Å"Cultural Resistance and the Visual Image: The Case of Dura Europos.† Classical Philology, 96.3 (2001): 269-304. Print. McBee, Richard. Dura Europos Project II at UJA New York . 6 July 2010. Web. http://www.jewishartsalon.com/2012/03/dura-europ os-project-ii-at-uja-new-york.html. Sed-Rajna, Gabrielle. Ancient Jewish Art: East and West. Secaucus, NJ : Chartwell Books, 1985. Print. This research paper on The Dura Europos Synagogue was written and submitted by user Faith Hodge to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Grant Parsons This is not in outline format. Essays - Sports

Grant Parsons This is not in outline format. Essays - Sports Grant Parsons This is not in outline format. Tanner Gilliam 6/10 7/23/15 1st hour Basketball Basketball is one of few sports with a known birthday. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the YMCA, which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact and material but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. You need these materials because if you didn't have them you might sprain your ankles and playing in pants is hard because shorts are easier to move in. Playing in a long sleeve shirt is uncomfortable. I.You need basketball shoes because you might roll your ankle II.You need basketball shorts because it's easier to move in III.You need a shirt because it's more comfortable than a long sleeve. The rules to the game determine a lot in the game cause if there was not rules then there would be a lot of people saying that you are cheating. traveling- this is when you pick the ball up and run with it without dribbling. double dribble- its when you dribble then pick the ball up and then dribble again. carry- When you dribble and then carry the ball for 1 or 2 seconds in your hand. technical- When you talk trash to the referee he calls a technical. flagrant 1- when you foul someone hard but not on purpose. flagrant 2- when you foul someone hard but on purpose or hit them, auto ejection The Top NBA teams depend on their record in the regular season.For all the teams that work hard in the Regular Season it all comes down to the Post season/ Playoffs. Golden state- They were the best team in the NBA they won the championship. Basketball has been around for along time and there have been all time greats like Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, and Larry Bird. A lot of people come from all over the world to watch NBA basketball games.

Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks - Case Study Example h explain to the public that prices charged in Starbucks’ restaurants in China are not the highest ones comparing to the prices charged in Moscow, Paris, and some other locations (English.cntv.cn, 2013). Taking into consideration this information it is possible to suggest that pricing issue of Starbucks coffee in China is not a result of discriminative approach of the company towards Chinese consumers but is a subject to various external factors (cost of rent, cost of coffee, etc.) and overall business strategy of the company. It is also necessary to compare Starbucks’ prices not among its international locations but prices charged for coffee and coffee products in the local market. How is Starbucks’s price for coffee different to the average price for coffee charged in the Chinese restaurant? It is worth to mention that Starbucks as a brand is positioning on the market itself as not just coffee-retailer but as a sophisticated place offering unique coffee experie nce to its visitors. People come to Starbucks not just for a cup of coffee but for this unique experience and comfortable relaxing atmosphere where visitor can socially interact with their friends, work, read, or surf the Internet via free Wi-Fi. Because of this positioning strategy Starbucks Corporation charges premium prices for its coffee products around the globe. This fact should be taken into consideration while debating the prices for Starbucks’ products in China and any other location. Moreover, the company is adapting to the needs of local consumers and adjusts its store’s design and layout based to cultural and social expectations. Snob can be defined as an individual who â€Å"blatantly imitates, fawningly admires, or vulgarly seeks association with those regarded as social superiors† (Snob 2012, n.p.). Another definition of the word is the following: â€Å"one who has an offensive air of superiority in matters of knowledge or taste† (Snob 2012, n.p.). Thus, applying this definition to

Love the importance of internal control in auditing Research Paper

Love the importance of internal control in auditing - Research Paper Example The auditor may obtain this level of assurance by performing audit procedures. The audit procedures to be performed are designed in the light of size and complexity of the entity. These are also affected by the auditor’s assessment of the risk of material misstatement and the auditor focuses on the areas where the risk of material misstatement may be present. The risk of material misstatement is the function of the inherent risk and the control risk. Inherent risk is defined as the susceptibility of financial statements and assertions therein to misstatements which are material in the context of the financial statements. On the other hand, control risk is defined as a risk that the financial statements and assertion therein may susceptible to a material misstatement which are not prevented, or remain undetected and uncorrected by the internal controls of the entity. To respond to the assessed control risks, the auditor performs test of controls. The understanding of the design ed suitability and functioning of the internal controls helps the auditor in responding to those risks. It also helps the auditor to obtain reasonable assurance that the entity is achieving the financial reporting objectives. Thus, to assess the risk of material misstatement at overall financial statements level and at assertion level, it is essential for the auditor to obtain an understanding of the internal controls of the entity. Internal control is defined as a process designed to provide the auditor, whether internal or external to the firm, with a reasonable assurance that the company is achieving its objectives. The internal controls are affected by management, those charged with governance and other personnel of the entity. (Koutoupis & Andreas, 2007, p. 23, 25, 27). The implementation and maintenance of effective internal controls is the responsibility of the management. It is also the responsibility of the management to ensure that the controls designed and implemented by the management are achieving the desired objectives. The management should also assess whether the controls over financial reporting are reliable and whether any frauds may be detected by the internal controls in operation. The management shall also assess whether the employees of the organization comply with laws and regulations relevant to the entity. This usefulness of internal controls makes it necessary for the entity to continuo usly and consciously evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of internal controls. A good and effective management always assess the effectiveness of internal controls on a periodic basis. Such evaluations help to pinpoint any deficiencies occurred in the controls during the period. It also helps to improve the internal controls efficiency and effectiveness in the changing circumstances. The practice of self-assessment of controls has emerged in the past decade. (Dietz & Donna & Snyder & Herbert, 2011, p. 35-40). Through this tool, the management has taken the responsibility for evaluating and improving internal controls. This evaluation is also considered important while designing new or additional internal controls. However, the method of designing of new controls is more or less same with the evaluation of the entity’s existing controls. Firstly, the entity identifies the reporting

Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Divorce - Essay Example This increasing rate of divorces can be blamed on an imbalance between understanding the other person and maintaining one’s own self-esteem at the same time. The inability of the couples to appreciate their partner and the values of marriage has led to the soaring statistics of divorces (Kramer). With the advent of the same-sex marriages and state laws permitting them, a difference can be seen in couple behaviors and relationship attitudes between the same-sex and heterosexual couples. A very intriguing concept put forward by Peter D. Kramer, analyses the values of autonomy and mutuality amongst the couples and the importance of their equivalent preservation. Autonomy is one of those values that is imprinted in the American psychology and even in marriages the couples are emphasizing on maintaining their self-beliefs and their true identity against whatever the circumstances. Carl Roger states that, â€Å"a successful marriage is one that increases the self-actualization of each member†. In olden times, only men were privileged with this right of self-governance, however 1970’s introduced this ideology to the women as well. It is important to note here, when both members of the couple assert their self-importance and individuality, it is a step forward towards progress and social evolvement. But the irony of this concept is that it leads to a greater number of divorces. Therefore it is of most importance that this ideology should be in a state of equ ilibrium with mutuality and acceptance of the other person. Mutuality is a virtue that is not commonly practiced in our society and the attention of an individual is mainly directed towards self-enhancement, self-help and self-esteem. It is not something that can be taught or practiced spontaneously; rather it needs to be incorporated in our society just like the concept of autonomy is. Marriages will not be able to thrive in a healthy manner until and unless

Impact of Recession on Recruitment and Selection

Impact of Recession on Recruitment and Selection 1.0 Impact of current global economic situation on recruitment and selection The collapse of 2008 caused unemployment for many people in major countries of the world. The affected nations tried a lot to combat effects of slowdown in economy. We can easily conclude that the unemployment rate and the growth rate of a country are closely related and are inversely proportional. During the slowdown when the growth rate of various economies decreased the unemployment rate increased and now when the economies are recovering then the unemployment rate is decreasing (Roberts, 1997). During the economic crisis 2007-2008 the GDP growth rate of major economies decreased. For United States of America it decreased from 2.9% in 2008 to -6.8% in 2009, United Kingdom from 0.3% in 2008 to -2% in 2009, China from 11.2% in 2008 to 6.8% in 2009 and India from 9.7% in 2009 to 6.1% in 2010. The unemployment rate increased from 5.00% in 2008 to 7.70% in 2009 for United States of America, from 5.20% in 2008 to 6.60% in 2009 for United Kingdom, from 4.00% in 2008 to 4.30% in 2009 for China and from 7.8% in 2008 to 8.8% in 2009 for India (Rachel Potter,, 2001). The GDP growth rate of major economies has improved over a year. For United States of America it has increased from -6.8% in 2009 to 2.5% in 2010, United Kingdom from -2% in 2009 to 0.8% in 2010, China from 6.8% in 2009 to 9.6% in 2010 and India from 6.1% in 2009 to 8.8% in 2010. The unemployment rate decreased from 7.70% in 2009 to 7.60% in 2010 for United States of America, from 6.60% in 2009 to 6.30% in 2010 for United Kingdom, from 4.30% in 2009 to 4.20% in 2010 for China and from 8.80% in 2009 to 8.00% in 2010 for India (Pescha, 2001). It is clear from above that there is a very high correlation between GDP growth rate and unemployment. Also, after the setback to economy in 2007 the economy across the world has shown the sign of recovery which is also reflected in the employment trend across these countries (Armstrong.M 2003). Especially companies of Information Technology (IT) sector considering their good quarter results are back on hiring front. Indian major IT companies i.e. Infosys, TCS and Wipro have set a large target for hiring. Infosys declared that it add 30,000 new employees in 2010. According to NASSCOM Indian IT sector will add 90,000 employees in 2010 and overall hiring for this sector is expected to be 1,50,000 in 2011. Labour intensive sector has also shown improvements and has registered a 1.2% growth in the number of employees being hired over a year. Real State sector has also gain the pace and with gradual increase in demand of houses the sector has registered growth especially in developing cou ntries (Aswathappa.K 2005). This has also resulted in the increased demand of labour as the companies like DLF and Sahara are coming up with various projects. The Common Wealth Games and now Asian games also generated a lot of demand of workers. Thus couple with economic growth these sectors have provided employment opportunity for low income group thus contributing to the growth in employment rate of the country. The general trend in hiring is that the companies are optimistic about the future and are taking the opportunity created by slowdown of hiring talents at cheaper rate and replacing low performance workers (Weil, 2003). Also they plan to provide greater flexibility in work arrangements like compressed work weeks, shared work, sabbaticals, alternate schedules etc. Rehiring of Laid-Off-Workers has also increased with 29% of companies to hire back the earlier laid of employees increasing the ratio of these employees to 9% from 5%. The percentage of hired or contract worker are also estimated to increase to 18%. Thus all this figures indicates the future trend in recruitment of employees (Dale, 2004). From the above analysis two things are very clear. First, recruitment plan of a company depends upon the economic condition of a country. The better the economy the higher the employment rate is. Second, the future aspect of the recruitment and hiring seems to be positive in view of the expected growth in the economy. However, the unemployment rate is still high in most of the countries and the gap between men and women employees in developing nations has increased in past three years according to International Labour Office. A lot of effort has to be made by government in order to bring the unemployment percentage down and reduce the gap in men and women. 2.0 E-Learning and its role in Human Resource Development: E-Learning can be defined as providing training, books, journals or any other material that will help the person to enhance his or her knowledge base with the help of computer base applications usually with internet as the major source of catalyst in the process. It is very important for an employee to continuously update himself with the current trends in the market and with the new technologies and methods being practiced so that he remains competitive and in turn increase his efficiency (Rosenberg, 2001). Also organization look upon the employees who have a good work experience and knowledge of the industry to take up more responsibility and thus contribute to the organization instead of hiring a new employee for the same position as the previous person is well known in the organisation and can be trusted more than the latter one. However, if the employee is not having sufficient skills then it would be difficult for him to justify with the new responsibility. Thus, it is the responsibility of the human resource department to identify potential leaders and train them so as to enhance their skills. Thus, learning is of great importance to any organization. Also, it is very difficult to provide library facility by each and every company at each and every branch and offices. The options are contract based trainings but often the training courses designed by the external party are very costly and lacked the direction required by the company and hence are not as per company and individual requirement. E-Learning comes as a cheap and convenient solution to the above problem for many companies who cannot afford to manage libraries and are struggling with properly training facilities. Most of the IT companies for example Cognizant Technology Solutions, Infosys and IBM have a good E-Learning facility available where the employees can select the modules as per their need and requirement and complete the course sitting on his desk. This not only prevents the cost associated with such training but also reduces the work load at the Human Resource department of arranging for training of these employees. Some of the companies that provide E-Learning are Safari online books, Books 24X7, Skill-soft Corporation, Educause, Centra Softwate Inc. etc. Though Wikipedia and other online encyclopaedia also provide a good source of learning but it is often difficult to find a particular requirement on these websites. It is observed that the quality of education in most of the developing nations do not match the requirement of the companies and thought the employee is educated but lack the skills required for job and for this it is essential that HR of the company provide trainings for these employees. Almost 70% of the fortune 1000 companies lack properly trained employees to execute the task and sustain the require growth rate. Most of the employees in companies are encouraged for distant education based on computer (Horton, 2001). These courses not only help organizations to build a talent pool in the organization but also fulfil the requirement and demand of the company for required talent. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), India, is an open university that facilitate the distant learning in India incorporate in 1985 has keeping a close watch on the development of talent pool in India to satisfy the requirement of the nation to sustain the growth rate. They have also adopted the online training modules so as to reach more and more people in the country. According to Dr. Ashok Kumar Gaba, Senior Research Officer Staff Training and Research Institute of Distance Education at Indira Gandhi National Open University, the online training has reduced the cost to one-fifth and over a period to time it is expected to be the main source of learning. It is the responsibility of human resource department of the organization to identify the requirement of the company and accordingly select a proper course, promote it and bring into practice the E-Learning culture in the organization. The constraint associated with E-Learning is computer and internet facility at company and one might require investing a good amount initially to build the required infrastructure for this. 3.0 Bonuses in Financial Service Sector when the banks are being bailed out: The issue related to bonuses are usually very emotional to employees. They expect the bonuses and plans accordingly and if these bonuses are cut or complete removed then this can be a serious cause of dissatisfaction among employees which can affect their productivity and the output delivers (Geroski et.al 1997). If these issues are not seriously handled then it might lead to a major problem in the organization. Hence, it is very important to first understand the importance of the issue before discussing the topic. The bonuses of any company depends upon the performance of the country vis-a-vis its performance last year, the performance of the sector, the growth in the economy and the future prospects of the economy and industry. During the economic crisis in 2008-09 the financial condition of many banks and giant organizations was so crushed that they have to plea the government to bail them from the financial distress (Sameuls, 2001). After the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers many banks came to plea United States government for bailing them for example Bank of America, Merrill Lynch and American International Group (AIG). In Britain, Northern Rock, a mid-sized British Bank, and Bank of England required government aid to continue their daily task. When these banks and financial institutions are being bailed out it means that the available liquidity in the market is very less and hence it will be very difficult for the companies to raise fund. In this situation the pressure on specially the financial service providers increases and they have to be very careful in investing the available cash. It is logical for these companies to either cut or completely remove the bonuses for that particular year so as not only to preserve the liquidity but also to avoid any firing of the employees. At this time it is very important for them to maintain the balance between the market condition and their financial condition. J.P. Morgan Chase, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia and other financial service providers if they would have thought of bonuses at that time then they would have been shut down and any more damage after Lehman Brothers would have proved last nail in the coffin to already shattered economy and we would hav e been still struggling to recover from the crisis (Bewley, 1999). As a matter of fact, US president Mr. Barack Obama said that asking for bonuses at the time of crisis is a shameful act and he urged the citizen of United States of America to show some sense of responsibility after Wall Street firms distributed a bonus of $18.4 billion (Howell, 2007). Also at time a hefty bonus payment culture might lead to loss in liquidity of the firm and might result in potential threat to the company and banks to face a financial crisis. The company should avoid paying hefty bonuses in order to save some tax (Sameuls, 2001). In May 2009, Financial Services Authority (FSA) declared certain rules regarding this and took various measures in order to reduce this practice. According to them bonuses was the reason for banking crisis. Probably Deutsche Bank already understood this and the bank chief did not accept the bonuses in 2008 so as to minimize the effect of crisis. This was the personal sign of solidarity by Josef Ackermann, the chief executive of Deutsche Bank, toward the employees. This move not only helped the bank to fight the crisis but also encouraged the employees to take the move of not distributing bonuses in a right spirit and contribute to the organization at the time of difficulty. Later John Mack, chief executive of Morgan Stanle y, and James Cayne, the former chief executive of Bear Stearns, also went ahead declining the bonuses. From the above study it can be concluded that in state of financial crisis where even banks are been bailed out it is more important for the companies especially financial services to prevent any firing of employees for which if they have to sacrifice the bonuses then they should go ahead with this. Employees should also understand this and they should consider long term gains rather than short term profits. It is the duty of organization to be transparent in its dealing and should reward the loyal employees when the favourable time comes. Also, it is important for the leaders in the organization to set an example for the employees so that employees believe that the organization is with them and they do not feel cheated. This is a very sensitive issue especially during crisis and should be dealt carefully and with high importance. 4.0 Relevance of trade unions: The nature of business has changed drastically over past few decades with the advent of technology most of the work is done by machines and human intervention has reduced in most of the cases (Fernie, 2005). The work environment and conditions has improved resulting in lesser disputes (Somers, 1976). Technology has enabled the management and employee to communicate effectively. In this era of technology the question is whether the trade union culture is still relevant in present scenario? The trade union acts a channel to help the workers communicate their issues and concerns to the management. They also provide support and help to these workers in times of difficulty and ensure that the work environment is healthy and safe. They also help management to communicate major announcements to these workers and help them understand their point of view (Wrigley, 2002). In case of any dispute it becomes easier for management to talk to the representatives of workers in the form of trade unions rather than talking with each and every individual. The union also help in uniting the workers who are usually from different background. There are many unions who are still very active and fight for the cause of the worker and help them educate about their rights. One example is REACH which focuses upon educating workers about the hazards caused by chemicals and their rights in case of such hazards. In India Bhartiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) is the largest report trade union which was founded in 1955 and with such a reach and power the organization has been working in making the life of workers better. They have carried out various education programs like spreading awareness among labours about their rights, proper safety practices, health education, women empowerment, minimum base wage and movement against child labour. Other major trade union in India are Madras Labour Union, Textile Labour Association, National Trade Union Federation, Hind Mazdoor Panchayat and All India Trade Union Congress (R Jha, 2000). Still in nations like India the trade unions are active and have not lost its relevance. However often the leaders in the unions take advantage of their position and put unjustified demands in front of management and threat them by announcing strikes, lock downs etc. This has reduced the relevance of trade unions. Also, in most of the organization has adopted performance based incentive schemes that encourage the employees to perform better in order to get better compensation this has also reduced the issues related to pay as the person enters in to an agreement to accept the compensation scheme of the organization. Another major issues that employees face today are the work-life balance issues for which the human resource department of the company actively take steps in most of the organization and moreover trade unions have failed to tackle this issue thus the need of the trade unions are reduced (Aswathappa, 2005). The trade unions also failed to address the issues of cross nation al employee and women empowerment. The trade unions have lost on major three grounds (Trant, 2010).). First, they have been neglecting the poor and thus lost the moral ground as their major concern is maximizing the interest of few people and groups. They also lost on the political front due to shrinkage in the membership of the union and also due to the formation of many parties and unions. The third ground is the loss of intellectual high as their strategies are outdated and for most of their solutions they go on strike irrespective of the severity of problem. A trade union if lead by a intelligent and well educated person having a proper understanding of situation of employees and who is directed to work for people can prove to a problem solver else a problem creator and as the latter is often found the trade union seems to loss its relevance in todays scenario (Horton, 2001). Though the technology has solved many problems of the employer and employees but still in developing nations like India where technology is a constraint and workers still fight for basic rights, trade unions acts as a tool to voice their concerns and hence still in these nations they hold a relevance.

Essay --

Introduction Culture is characterized by language, religion, food, music, arts and social norms (Zimmermann, 2012). Just from that definition, this characterizes diversity from a standpoint of cultural value, consumer behavior, and market environment. South Africa is the epitome of diversity. It is made up of a variety of other cultures that are all housed on one country. This country has 11 different ways to communicate, which is a great reason why South Africa is important in the global market. With many avenues of trade and a big sample size to trade with, this leads to unlimited resources and a booming global market. (Introduction: Describe research purpose and address the reasons why the selected country is important in global markets.) Cultural Variables South Africa is a unique country that has access to 11 different language uses (SA-Venues). In order from most used, they consist of Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, English, Sepedi, Tswana, Southern Sotho, Tsonga, Swazi or SiSwati, Venda and Ndebele. Zulu and Xhosa being the 2 most commonly understood. Afrikaans derived from he Dutch and was used in its region as the 1st or 2nd language. The white inhabitants who have come to start a new life use English, Sepedi is grouped with the Northeastern part of South Africa. Tswana is the language of Botswana and are apart of Southeastern African language. The Vatsonga people, who are divided among their region, speak Tsonga. Swazi or SiSwati comes from this and create their own name in the country. Venda is a language common to the royal region of Limpopo. Their speakers are very popular and their speech influences others to adopt it. Then you have Ndebele, whose language is slowly fading because the other languages in Zimbabwe are more p... ...a and Gap (Contributor 2012). South Africa is the ideal place for brand development because they are so developed and styles are easily accepted. There is also the fact that their youth, like other countries, are heavily influenced by western cultures. This brand preference is all about an image and fitting in with social norms. As for consumer trends, South Africa’s society has a buy, but not save mentality (Clark, 2012). They would rather buy for the now, and not save for the future, which is both helping and hurting their economy. Retail and electronics are always going to be in demand and are always going to be top needs for consumers. When it comes time to pay the bills, people struggle to pay because they didn’t save. This keeping up with the Joneses trend is detrimental when it comes to things the people need, but perfect to keep up with societies standards.